Research Highlights Gaps in TBI Studies for Special Operations Forces

A recent study by the Rand Corporation reveals significant gaps in research concerning traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among special operations forces (SOF). The report highlights that, despite the unique risks faced by these military personnel, there is a scarcity of studies focused specifically on their experiences with TBI.

The report, published earlier this month, indicates that special operations personnel are exposed to higher rates of blast-related incidents and repetitive neurological stress during both combat and training scenarios. According to the findings, “there is limited research focused on TBI among SOF, although this population faces a higher risk of blast exposure and TBI.”

Research Overview and Findings

The analysis encompassed TBI studies conducted from 2015 to 2025, with a particular emphasis on the SOF community. Out of 480 research papers reviewed by Rand, it was noted that Army and Marine Corps personnel were the most frequently studied groups, with only seven papers dedicated entirely to SOF and an additional fourteen that included SOF in mixed samples.

The report also points out that other military branches, such as airmen, sailors, National Guard troops, and reservists, have similarly received insufficient attention in TBI research, despite their exposure to high-risk situations. Since 2000, more than 500,000 personnel have been diagnosed with service-related TBI, as reported by the Department of Defense. Furthermore, over $2.1 billion in federal and private funding has been allocated to TBI research since 2015.

Despite the financial investment, the report outlines numerous shortcomings in existing TBI studies. For example, many have concentrated on the diagnosis of TBI rather than examining the specific conditions that lead to these injuries. The authors emphasize the need for more research into factors such as the relationship between blast pressure, soldier positioning, and the source of the blast.

Broader Implications and Future Directions

Additional research from the University of South Florida supports the Rand report, indicating that repeated exposure to low-level blasts correlates with signs of brain injury in special operations forces. Moreover, the Rand report highlights a dichotomy in TBI research, where studies tend to separate short- and long-term effects. Short to medium-term studies generally focus on neurological symptoms, whereas longer-term evaluations address conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

The report also mentions that while some research has examined the comorbidity between TBI and conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disorders, less attention has been given to the intersections of TBI with substance abuse and sensory impairments.

Rehabilitation for long-term care of TBI patients is another area lacking sufficient research, leaving many individuals with limited evidence-based recovery options. Despite these challenges, the report acknowledges that a decade of research has led to advancements in imaging techniques and a better understanding of comorbidities associated with TBI, including PTSD and depression.

The authors of the report urge that addressing these gaps is critical for enhancing prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term recovery for service members and veterans. They assert that “progress here will advance prevention, sharpen diagnosis, improve treatment, and strengthen long-term recovery, ensuring that service members and veterans receive the care and support they deserve.”

In summary, while significant strides have been made in understanding TBI within military populations, the specific needs of special operations forces and other under-researched groups highlight an urgent need for targeted studies.