UN Inquiry Commission Completes Syria Mission, Calls for Reforms

The UN Human Rights Council’s Syria Commission of Inquiry (COI) has concluded its mission in Damascus as it prepares to present findings to the Human Rights Council in Geneva on March 13, 2026. The commission aims to urge Syria’s transitional authorities to prioritize accountability, institutional reform, and the protection of civil society amid ongoing regional tensions.

Focus on Accountability and Civil Society

During their visit, commissioners Monia Ammar and Fionnuala Ní Aoláin engaged with senior Syrian officials and various stakeholders. They emphasized the importance of “transparency, accountability, security sector reform, and engagement with impacted communities” as essential for a successful transition. The commissioners highlighted the necessity of establishing a legal framework capable of addressing both historical and recent violations.

The COI underscored that the transition should ensure “equal protection” of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. While the growth of Syrian civil society organizations, including those returning from exile, was noted as a positive development, the commissioners expressed concern over existing barriers and the fear that still pervades the landscape. They called for conditions that allow civil society to operate “without restriction.”

There are critical legal questions regarding the authorities’ tolerance for independent documentation, advocacy, and victim participation. These elements are vital for credible truth-seeking, designing reparations, and institutional vetting. The COI, established by the Human Rights Council in 2011, focuses on investigating alleged violations of international human rights law in Syria since March 2011. Its mission includes documenting evidence and recommending reforms and pathways to justice, rather than prosecuting individuals.

Regional Tensions and Civilian Protection

The commissioners explicitly linked transitional legitimacy to the ability of civil society to function independently. They recognized that effective accountability hinges on the safety of non-state actors, especially as victims and witnesses may risk retaliation. The COI also raised concerns about the spillover effects of regional escalation, particularly following Israeli and U.S. strikes on Iran. These actions have reportedly led to civilian casualties from falling debris from intercepted rockets.

Moreover, the COI expressed apprehension regarding “direct Israeli activity in southern Syria,” which has the potential to disrupt internal stabilization efforts. These statements are crucial, highlighting the core protection duties under international law, which obligate authorities to safeguard civilians and investigate potential unlawful harm. Such responsibilities become increasingly important amid cross-border violence and during domestic transitions.

As the COI prepares for its upcoming briefing, the focus remains on ensuring that Syria’s transition is characterized by genuine accountability and the protection of human rights for all its citizens.